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<FONT COLOR="#FFFFFF">
<CENTER><B>CHAPTER 27.&nbsp; PHRASAL VERBS</B></CENTER></FONT></TD></TR></TABLE><BR>
<BR>

<!--page 378-->
A phrasal verb is an idiom which consists of a verb followed by a
preposition, a verb followed by an adverb, or a verb followed by an
adverb, followed by a preposition. The phrasal verbs in the following
examples are printed in bold type.<BR>
e.g. I <B>ran into</B> an old friend.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; We <B>put off</B> washing the dishes.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; They all <B>look up to</B> him.<BR>
<BR>
In these examples, the phrasal verb <B>to run into</B> consists of the verb <B>to run</B> followed by
the preposition <B>into</B>, the phrasal verb <B>to put off</B> consists of the verb
<B>to put</B> followed by the adverb <B>off</B>, and the phrasal verb <B>to look up to</B>
consists of the verb <B>to look</B> followed by the adverb <B>up</B>, followed by
the preposition <B>to</B>.<BR>
<BR>
Many phrasal verbs are used more often in informal English than in formal
English. In most cases, the ideas expressed by such phrasal verbs may also
be expressed by other phrases which are more likely to be used in formal
English.<BR>
<BR>
For instance in the table below, the phrasal verbs used in the preceding examples are listed
in the left-hand column and other phrases with the same meanings
are listed in the right-hand column.<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Informal</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Formal</B></U></TD></TR><TR><TD>&nbsp; to run into</TD><TD>&nbsp to meet unexpectedly</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; to put off</TD><TD>&nbsp to postpone</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; to look up to</TD><TD>&nbsp to admire</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
It should be noted that the use of many phrasal verbs varies among the
different dialects of English. For instance, in order to express the
idea of contacting someone by means of the telephone, the expression
<B>to ring someone up</B> is frequently used in British English; whereas the
expression <B>to call someone</B> is frequently used in American English.<BR>
<BR>
Because of differences in dialect, the forms of the verbs and the meanings
given may vary from one dictionary to another. In addition, some phrasal
verbs have more than one meaning. The meanings provided in this chapter
are samples of meanings which are used in North American English.
<P>
&nbsp;<BR>

<A NAME="1"></A>
<CENTER><B>1. Phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by a preposition</B></CENTER><BR>

Some phrasal verbs consist of a verb followed by a preposition. As has
been seen in previous chapters, it is very common for English verbs
to be followed by prepositions. However, in the case of a phrasal verb,
the verb followed by the preposition forms an expression with an
idiomatic meaning.<BR>
<BR>

<!--page 379-->
For instance, the phrasal verb <B>to come across</B> is an idiomatic expression
with the meaning <B>to find</B>. Similarly, the phrasal verb <B>to frown on</B> is
an idiomatic expression with the meaning <B>to disapprove of</B>.<BR>
e.g. We <B>came across</B> an old diary while we were cleaning out the attic.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The workers <B>frowned on</B> the practice of smoking in the office.<BR>
<BR>
It should be noted that some phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed
by a preposition can be used in the Passive Voice.<BR>
e.g. The practice of smoking in the office <B>was frowned on</B> by the workers.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The children <B>were looked after</B> by their aunt.<BR>
In these examples, the phrasal verbs <B>to frown on</B> and <B>to look after</B>
are used in the Passive Voice.<BR>
<A NAME="1ex"></A>
<BR>
The following are examples of phrasal verbs which consist of a verb
followed by a preposition. Each phrasal verb is followed by its meaning and an example of its use.<BR>
<BR>
<CENTER><B>Verbs Followed by Prepositions</B></CENTER><BR>
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><B>abide by</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; adhere to</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>abided by</B> the rules.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>account for</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; explain</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>accounted for</B> the discrepancy.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>ask for</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; request</TD><TD>&nbsp; They <B>asked for</B> an extension.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>bank on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; depend on</TD><TD>&nbsp; We are <B>banking on</B> good weather tomorrow.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>bear with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; be patient with</TD><TD>&nbsp; Please <B>bear with</B> the delay.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>border on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; be near, be next to</TD><TD>&nbsp; Their excitement <B>bordered on</B> hysteria.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>break into</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; enter by force</TD><TD>&nbsp; Thieves <B>broke into</B> the store.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>build on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; develop from</TD><TD>&nbsp; We want to <B>build on</B> our success.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>burst into</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; suddenly enter</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>burst into</B> the room.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>call for</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; demand</TD><TD>&nbsp; This <B>calls for</B> an investigation.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>call on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; ask, order</TD><TD>&nbsp; We will <B>call on</B> you to give a speech.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>come across</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; find accidentally</TD><TD>&nbsp; She <B>came across</B> some old papers.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>come upon</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; discover</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>came upon</B> a small lake.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>confide in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; share a secret</TD><TD>&nbsp; The two friends <B>confided in</B> each other.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>count on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; depend on</TD><TD>&nbsp; We are <B>counting on</B> you.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>cut across</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; use a short route</TD><TD>&nbsp; I <B>cut across</B> the parking lot.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>dawn on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; realize</TD><TD>&nbsp; Finally the truth <B>dawned on</B> him.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>deal in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; stock, sell</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>deals in</B> gold and jewels.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>deal with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; handle successfully</TD><TD>&nbsp; She can <B>deal with</B> any situation.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>decide on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; settle on</TD><TD>&nbsp; They <B>decided on</B> a course of action.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>dispense with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; proceed without</TD><TD>&nbsp; The chairman <B>dispensed with</B> formalities.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>dispose of</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; get rid of</TD><TD>&nbsp; If he moves, he will have to <B>dispose of</B> his furniture.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>dwell on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; emphasize</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>dwelt on</B> the risks involved.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>enlarge on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; say more about</TD><TD>&nbsp; Please <B>enlarge on</B> your proposal.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>enter into</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; begin, commence</TD><TD>&nbsp; The brothers <B>entered into</B> an agreement.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>expand on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; say more about</TD><TD>&nbsp; Please <B>expand on</B> what you said before.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>frown on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; disapprove of</TD><TD>&nbsp; Absenteeism is <B>frowned on</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>get at</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; reach</TD><TD>&nbsp; The store was so crowded, it was hard to <B>get at</B> the food.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>get into</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; become involved with</TD><TD>&nbsp; I don't want to <B>get into</B> an argument.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>get over</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; recover from</TD><TD>&nbsp; Have you <B>got over</B> the flu yet?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>get through</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; survive, finish</TD><TD>&nbsp; I don't know how I can <B>get through</B> all this work.</TD></TR>


<!--page 380-->
<TR><TD><B>go against</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; oppose</TD><TD>&nbsp; Don't <B>go against</B> the rules.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>go over</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; review</TD><TD>&nbsp; I would like to <B>go over</B> the report again.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>go through</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; examine in detail</TD><TD>&nbsp; Have you <B>gone through</B> the evidence?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>go with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; look good with</TD><TD>&nbsp; Those shoes don't <B>go with</B> that outfit.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>grow on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; become more attractive to</TD><TD>&nbsp; I'm sure the idea will <B>grow on</B> you.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>guard against</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; take precautions</TD><TD>&nbsp; We must <B>guard against</B> possible attack.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>hinge on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; depend on</TD><TD>&nbsp; Everything <B>hinges on</B> her decision.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>inquire into</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; investigate</TD><TD>&nbsp; Please <B>inquire into</B> the alternatives.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>keep to</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; adhere to</TD><TD>&nbsp; The train will <B>keep to</B> the schedule.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>laugh at</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; mock, make fun of</TD><TD>&nbsp; Don't <B>laugh at</B> me!</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>launch into</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; start</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>launched into</B> an explanation.<BR>
<TR><TD><B>leaf through</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; turn the pages</TD><TD>&nbsp; She <B>leafed</B> idly <B>through</B> the book.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>live on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; survive using</TD><TD>&nbsp; What did you <B>live on</B>?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>look after</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; take care of</TD><TD>&nbsp; I will <B>look after</B> the children.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>look into</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; investigate</TD><TD>&nbsp; He will <B>look into</B> the situation.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>look through</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; examine quickly</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>looked through</B> the magazines while we were waiting.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>part with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; give up reluctantly</TD><TD>&nbsp; She refused to <B>part with</B> her necklace.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>pick on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; be unkind to</TD><TD>&nbsp; Because he was the youngest, the other boys <B>picked on</B> him.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>prey on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; hunt and eat; disturb</TD><TD>&nbsp; Ospreys <B>prey on</B> fish; the idea <B>preys on</B> my mind.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>provide for</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; prepare for</TD><TD>&nbsp; We have <B>provided for</B> any emergency.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>reason with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; try to persuade</TD><TD>&nbsp; It is hard to <B>reason with</B> an angry person.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>reckon on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; calculate on</TD><TD>&nbsp; I hadn't <B>reckoned on</B> being the center of attention.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>rise above</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; be superior to</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>rose above</B> his circumstances and managed to succeed.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>run across</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; find accidentally</TD><TD>&nbsp; They <B>ran across</B> some interesting information.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>run into</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; meet accidentally</TD><TD>&nbsp; I <B>ran into</B> my cousin downtown.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>run over</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; injured by a vehicle</TD><TD>&nbsp; Children must be careful not to be <B>run over</B> by cars.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>see through</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; not be deceived by</TD><TD>&nbsp; I instantly <B>saw through</B> the disguise.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>send for</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; ask to be sent</TD><TD>&nbsp; You will have to <B>send for</B> your transcripts.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>settle for</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; reluctantly accept</TD><TD>&nbsp; Since there was no kale, we had to <B>settle for</B> cabbage.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>side with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; support in a dispute</TD><TD>&nbsp; Why did you <B>side with</B> him?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>sit through</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; sit and endure</TD><TD>&nbsp; It was all I could do to <B>sit through</B> the lecture without falling asleep.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>stand by</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; support</TD><TD>&nbsp; I hope you will <B>stand by</B> me.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>stand for</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; represent</TD><TD>&nbsp; What does the abbreviation <U>etc.</U> <B>stand for</B>?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>stick to</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; adhere to</TD><TD>&nbsp; We shall <B>stick to</B> the original plan.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>stumble across</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; find accidentally</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>stumbled across</B> an interesting fossil.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>survive on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; survive using</TD><TD>&nbsp; During the winter, we had to <B>survive on</B> turnips and parsnips.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>take after</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; resemble an ancestor</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>takes after</B> his grandfather.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>tamper with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; interfere with</TD><TD>&nbsp; Someone has <B>tampered with</B> the lock.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>touch on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; mention</TD><TD>&nbsp; She <B>touched on</B> many important subjects.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>verge on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; approach</TD><TD>&nbsp; His behavior <B>verges on</B> rudeness.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>wade through</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; slowly peruse</TD><TD>&nbsp; We had to <B>wade through</B> a pile of documents.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>watch over</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; guard</TD><TD>&nbsp; The shepherd <B>watched over</B> the sheep.</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
<BR>

<!--page 381-->
See <A HREF="gramex27.html#1">Exercise 1</A>.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1a"></A>
<B>a. The position of the object of the preposition</B><BR>
The object of a preposition usually follows the preposition, whether the
object is a noun or a pronoun. In the following examples, the objects are underlined.<BR>
e.g. We have <B>launched into</B> a new <U>project</U>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; We have <B>launched into</B> <U>it</U>.<BR>
<BR>
In these examples, the noun <B>project</B> and the pronoun <B>it</B> are the
objects of the preposition <B>into</B> of the phrasal verb <B>to launch into</B>.
Both the noun object and the pronoun object follow
the preposition.<BR>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex27.html#2">Exercise 2</A>.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1b"></A>
<B>b. The position of an adverb of manner modifying the verb</B><BR>
If a verb is followed by a preposition, an adverb of manner may
be placed between the verb and the preposition. In the following examples, the adverbs of manner are underlined.<BR>
e.g. We <B>reasoned</B> <U>patiently</U> <B>with</B> the little girl.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I <B>leafed</B> <U>quickly</U> <B>through</B> the book.<BR>
<BR>
In the first example, the adverb of manner <B>patiently</B> is placed between
the verb <B>reasoned</B> and the preposition <B>with</B> of the phrasal verb <B>to
reason with</B>. In the second example, the adverb of manner <B>quickly</B> is
placed between the verb <B>leafed</B> and the preposition <B>through</B> of the
phrasal verb <B>to leaf through</B>.<BR>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex27.html#3">Exercise 3</A>.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="1c"></A>
<B>c. Stress in spoken English</B><BR>
When a verb followed by a preposition occurs at the end of a clause,
it is usually the verb which is stressed in spoken English. In the
following examples, the words which are stressed are printed in bold type.<BR>
e.g. No one likes to be <B>laughed</B> at.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I need someone to <B>confide</B> in.<BR>
<BR>
In the first example, the verb <B>laughed</B> followed by the preposition
<B>at</B> occurs at the end of a clause, and the verb <B>laughed</B> is stressed.
In the second example, the verb <B>confide</B> followed by the preposition
<B>in</B> occurs at the end of a clause, and the verb <B>confide</B> is stressed.<BR>
<BR>
It should be noted that, when used in a phrasal verb at the end of
a clause, the prepositions <B>after</B>, <B>into</B> and <B>over</B> are often
pronounced with somewhat greater emphasis than the verb. In this
case, both the verb and the preposition are stressed. For example:<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The twins are easy to <B>look after</B>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The building would be difficult to <B>break into</B>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; You'll never guess whom I <B>ran into</B>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I heard that someone was <B>run over</B>.<BR>
<BR>
The prepositions <B>above</B>, <B>across</B> and <B>through</B> are also occasionally
emphasized in this way. For example:<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;  The research papers were difficult to <B>wade through</B>.<BR>
<BR>

<!--page 382-->
<P>
&nbsp;<BR>

<A NAME="1d"></A>
<B>d. Expressions in which the verb has an object</B><BR>
In the case of some phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by a preposition,
the verb and the preposition may each have an object. In the following examples, the objects are underlined.<BR>
e.g. I can <B>make</B> <U>nothing</U> <B>of</B> the <U>situation</U>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; We <B>talked</B> my <U>sister</U> <B>into</B> <U>agreeing</U>.<BR>
<BR>
In the first example, the verb <B>make</B> of the phrasal verb <B>to make of</B>
has the object <B>nothing</B>, and the preposition <B>of</B> has the object
<B>situation</B>. In the second example, the verb <B>talked</B> of the phrasal
verb <B>to talk into</B> has the object <B>sister</B>, and the preposition <B>into</B>
has the object <B>agreeing</B>.<BR>
<BR>
The following are examples of phrasal verbs consisting of a verb
followed by a preposition, where the verb may have an object. The objects of the verbs are underlined. Each phrasal verb is followed by its meaning and an example of its use. The last example illustrates the use of the Passive Voice.<BR>
<BR>
<CENTER><B>Verbs followed by Objects followed by Prepositions</B></CENTER><BR>
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><B>drag into</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; involve unwillingly</TD><TD>&nbsp; Don't <B>drag</B> <U>me</U> <B>into</B> this <U>discussion</U>!</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>draw into</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; involve gradually</TD><TD>&nbsp; We managed to <B>draw</B> <U>her</U> <B>into</B> the <U>conversation</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>drum into</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; teach by repetition</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>drummed</B> the safety <U>rules</U> <B>into</B> the <U>children</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>frighten into</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; control by fear</TD><TD>&nbsp; The little girl <B>frightened</B> her <U>brother</U> <B>into</B> <U>obeying</U> her.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>hold against</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; blame for</TD><TD>&nbsp; Please don't <B>hold</B> my <U>mistakes</U> <B>against</B> <U>me</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>lay before</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; present to</TD><TD>&nbsp; We will <B>lay</B> the <U>evidence</U> <B>before</B> the <U>court</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>let into</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; allow to share</TD><TD>&nbsp; Shall we <B>let</B> <U>her</U> <B>into</B> the <U>secret</U>?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>make of</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; understand</TD><TD>&nbsp; Can you <B>make</B> <U>anything</U> <B>of</B> this <U>message</U>?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>read into</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; find other meanings</TD><TD>&nbsp; You are <B>reading</B> too <U>much</U> <B>into</B> her <U>remarks</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>set against</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; make antagonistic</TD><TD>&nbsp; She likes to <B>set</B> <U>people</U> <B>against</B> <U>one another</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>set on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; order to attack</TD><TD>&nbsp; We will <B>set</B> our <U>dogs</U> <B>on</B> any <U>intruders</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>talk into</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; persuade</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; Can you <B>talk</B> <U>him</U> <B>into</B> <U>changing</U> his mind?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>thrust upon</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; force upon</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>thrust</B> the <U>responsibility</U> <B>upon</B> the <U>treasurer</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>write into</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; add to in writing</TD><TD>&nbsp; The terms were <B>written into</B> the <U>lease</U>.
</TABLE>
<P>
&nbsp;<BR>

<A NAME="2"></A>
<CENTER><B>2. Phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by an adverb</B></CENTER><BR>

Many phrasal verbs consist of a verb followed by an adverb. Some of
these phrasal verbs are intransitive and some are transitive.<BR>
<BR>
For instance, the intransitive phrasal verb <B>to show up</B> is formed from
the verb <B>to show</B> followed by the adverb <B>up</B>. In the following example, the phrasal verb does not have an object.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; At ten o'clock, her brother <B>showed up</B>.<BR>
<A NAME="2vi"></A>
<BR>
The following are examples of intransitive phrasal verbs which consist
of a verb followed by an adverb. Each phrasal verb is followed by its meaning and an example of its use.<BR>
<BR>

<!--page 383-->
<CENTER><B>Intransitive Verbs followed by Adverbs</B></CENTER><BR>
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><B>blow over</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; pass</TD><TD>&nbsp; I wonder when the trouble will <B>blow over</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>boil away</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; disappear by boiling</TD><TD>&nbsp; If the water <B>boils away</B>, the stew will burn.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>boil over</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; overflow by boiling</TD><TD>&nbsp; The soup <B>boiled over</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>bounce back</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; recover</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>bounced back</B> from his previous defeat.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>buckle down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; work seriously</TD><TD>&nbsp; You may fail your courses if you don't <B>buckle down</B> to work.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>catch on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; be widely accepted</TD><TD>&nbsp; Do you think the idea will <B>catch on</B>?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>cloud over</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; become overcast</TD><TD>&nbsp; Although it <B>clouded over</B> in the afternoon, the rain held off.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>die down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; become less</TD><TD>&nbsp; After a few days, the excitement <B>died down</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>double up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; bend over</TD><TD>&nbsp; We were <B>doubled up</B> with laughter.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>drop in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; visit</TD><TD>&nbsp; Please <B>drop in</B> any time.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>fade away</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; become less</TD><TD>&nbsp; The sound gradually <B>faded away</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>fall off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; become less</TD><TD>&nbsp; Attendance at the concerts has <B>fallen off</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>get away</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; escape</TD><TD>&nbsp; I hooked a fish, but it <B>got away</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>get by</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; barely succeed</TD><TD>&nbsp; She studied just hard enough to <B>get by</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>give in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; admit defeat</TD><TD>&nbsp; I will never <B>give in</B>!</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>go on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; continue</TD><TD>&nbsp; Please <B>go on</B>. Don't let me interrupt you.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>grow up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; become an adult</TD><TD>&nbsp; What do you want to do when you <B>grow up</B>?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>keep on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; persist in</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>kept on</B> changing the subject.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>level off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; stop rising</TD><TD>&nbsp; Prices finally <B>leveled off</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>log on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; contact a computer</TD><TD>&nbsp; Do you know how to <B>log on</B>?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>log off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; break contact with a computer system</TD><TD>&nbsp; The system was overloaded, so I had to <B>log off</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>move in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; take possession of living quarters</TD><TD>&nbsp; When are you <B>moving in</B>?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>move out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; give up possession of living quarters</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>moved out</B> yesterday.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>nod off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; go to sleep</TD><TD>&nbsp; Half the bus passengers <B>nodded off</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>pass out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; faint</TD><TD>&nbsp; It was so hot, I almost <B>passed out</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>pitch in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; help</TD><TD>&nbsp; If everyone <B>pitches in</B>, the work will be done in a few minutes.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>play along</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; pretend to agree</TD><TD>&nbsp; Let's <B>play along</B> until we find out what his plans are.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>pull in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; arrive (of vehicles)</TD><TD>&nbsp; The bus <B>pulled in</B> next to the curb.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>pull out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; leave (of vehicles)</TD><TD>&nbsp; The train <B>pulled out</B> at ten o'clock.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>set off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; leave</TD><TD>&nbsp; They <B>set off</B> at six o'clock in the morning.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>settle down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; become peaceful</TD><TD>&nbsp; After the excitement, the students found it difficult to <B>settle down</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>settle in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; become used to</TD><TD>&nbsp; How are you <B>settling in</B> to your new job?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>show up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; arrive</TD><TD>&nbsp; She <B>showed up</B> at noon.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>stay up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; not go to bed</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>stayed up</B> until midnight.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>step down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; resign</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>stepped down</B> for health reasons.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>step in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; intervene</TD><TD>&nbsp; The government had to <B>step in</B> to save the business.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>take off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; leave the ground</TD><TD>&nbsp; The plane <B>took off</B> on time.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>touch down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; land (of planes)</TD><TD>&nbsp; The plane <B>touched down</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>tune in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; find a station on the radio</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>tuned in</B> to listen to the hockey game.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>watch out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; beware</TD><TD>&nbsp; <B>Watch out</B>! The roads are icy.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>wear off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; gradually disappear</TD><TD>&nbsp; The feeling of excitement gradually <B>wore off</B>.</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
<BR>

<!--page 384-->
See <A HREF="gramex27.html#4">Exercise 4</A>.<BR>
<BR>
The transitive phrasal verb <B>to sort out</B> is formed from the verb
<B>to sort</B> followed by the adverb <B>out</B>. For example:<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; We <B>sorted out</B> the <U>papers</U>.<BR>
In this example, the phrasal verb <B>sorted out</B> has the object <B>papers</B>.<BR>
<A NAME="2vt"></A>
<BR>
The following are examples of transitive phrasal verbs which consist of
a verb followed by an adverb. Each phrasal verb is followed by its meaning and an example of its use.<BR>
<BR>
<CENTER><B>Transitive Verbs followed by Adverbs</B></CENTER><BR>
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><B>back up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; support</TD><TD>&nbsp; I will <B>back up</B> your story.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>bail out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; rescue</TD><TD>&nbsp; If you run into difficulties, who will <B>bail</B> you <B>out</B>?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>break in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; make something new fit for use</TD><TD>&nbsp; I <B>broke in</B> my new hiking boots.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>breathe in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; inhale</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>breathed in</B> the fresh air.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>breathe out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; exhale</TD><TD>&nbsp; I <B>breathed out</B> a sigh of relief.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>bring back</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; return</TD><TD>&nbsp; She <B>brought back</B> her library books.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>bring around</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; persuade</TD><TD>&nbsp; We gradually <B>brought</B> her <B>around</B> to our point of view.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>bring up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; raise</TD><TD>&nbsp; <B>Bringing up</B> children is never easy.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>butter up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; flatter</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>buttered</B> him <B>up</B>, hoping that he would agree to our proposal.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>call in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; ask to assist</TD><TD>&nbsp; I think it is time we <B>called in</B> an expert.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>call off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; cancel</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>called off</B> the meeting.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>call up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; telephone</TD><TD>&nbsp; Why don't you <B>call</B> him <B>up</B>?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>cheer on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; cheer, encourage</TD><TD>&nbsp; I will be there to <B>cheer</B> you <B>on</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>chop down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; fell</TD><TD>&nbsp; They <B>chopped down</B> the dead tree.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>clean up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; tidy</TD><TD>&nbsp; The mayor asked everyone to help <B>clean up</B> the city streets.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>fend off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; repel</TD><TD>&nbsp; The goalie <B>fended off</B> every attack.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>ferret out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; find with difficulty</TD><TD>&nbsp; We managed to <B>ferret out</B> the information.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>figure out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; solve, understand</TD><TD>&nbsp; I can't <B>figure out</B> what happened.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>fill in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; complete</TD><TD>&nbsp; Please <B>fill in</B> this form.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>fill out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; complete</TD><TD>&nbsp; I <B>filled out</B> the form.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>fill up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; make full</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>filled up</B> the glasses with water.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>give back</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; return</TD><TD>&nbsp; I <B>gave back</B> the bicycle I had borrowed.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>give off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; send out</TD><TD>&nbsp; Skunk cabbage <B>gives off</B> an unpleasant odor.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>hand down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; give to someone younger</TD><TD>&nbsp; The tradition <B>was handed down</B> from father to son.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>hand in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; give to person in authority</TD><TD>&nbsp; The students <B>handed</B> their assignments <B>in</B> to the teacher.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>hand on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; give to another person</TD><TD>&nbsp; I am not sorry to <B>hand</B> the responsibility <B>on</B> to you.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>hand over</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; transfer</TD><TD>&nbsp; We had to <B>hand</B> the evidence <B>over</B> to the police.</TD></TR>

<!--page 385-->
<TR><TD><B>hang up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; break a telephone connection</TD><TD>&nbsp; After receiving a busy signal, I <B>hung up</B> the phone.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>hold back</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; restrain, delay</TD><TD>&nbsp; He is so enthusiastic, it is hard to <B>hold</B> him <B>back</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>iron out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; remove</TD><TD>&nbsp; I am sure we can <B>iron out</B> every difficulty.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>knock out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; make unconscious </TD><TD>&nbsp; Boxers <B>are</B> often <B>knocked out</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>lap up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; accept eagerly</TD><TD>&nbsp; The public <B>lapped up</B> the story.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>lay off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; put out of work</TD><TD>&nbsp; The company <B>laid off</B> seventy workers.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>leave behind</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; leave, not bring</TD><TD>&nbsp; I accidentally <B>left</B> my umbrella <B>behind</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>leave out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; omit</TD><TD>&nbsp; Tell me what happened. Don't <B>leave</B> anything <B>out</B>!</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>let down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; disappoint</TD><TD>&nbsp; We will <B>let</B> him <B>down</B> if we don't arrive on time.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>live down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; live so that past faults are forgotten</TD><TD>&nbsp; This will be hard to <B>live down</B>!</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>look up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; find (information)</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>looked up</B> the word in a dictionary.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>make up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; invent</TD><TD>&nbsp; She likes to <B>make up</B> stories.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>pass up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; not take advantage</TD><TD>&nbsp; I couldn't <B>pass up</B> such an opportunity.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>pension off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; dismiss with a pension</TD><TD>&nbsp; He was <B>pensioned off</B> at the age of sixty.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>phase in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; introduce gradually</TD><TD>&nbsp; The new program will be <B>phased in</B> over the next six months.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>phase out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; cease gradually</TD><TD>&nbsp; The practice will gradually be <B>phased out</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>pick up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; collect</TD><TD>&nbsp; You may <B>pick up</B> the papers at the office.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>pin down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; get a commitment</TD><TD>&nbsp; When the guest speaker is <B>pinned down</B>, we can set a date for the conference.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>play down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; de-emphasize</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>played down</B> the importance of the news.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>point out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; draw attention to</TD><TD>&nbsp; She <B>pointed out</B> the advantages of the proposal.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>polish off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; finish</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>polished off</B> the rest of the apple pie.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>pull down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; demolish</TD><TD>&nbsp; Many old buildings are <B>pulled down</B> to make way for new ones.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>pull off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; succeed</TD><TD>&nbsp; Do you think she can <B>pull off</B> her plan?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>put away</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; put in proper place</TD><TD>&nbsp; It is time to <B>put</B> the toys <B>away</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>put back</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; return to original location</TD><TD>&nbsp; Please <B>put</B> the book <B>back</B> on the shelf.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>put off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; postpone</TD><TD>&nbsp; We cannot <B>put off</B> the meeting again.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>reel off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; recite a long list</TD><TD>&nbsp; She <B>reeled off</B> a long list of names.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>rope in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; persuade to help</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>roped in</B> everyone we could to help with the work.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>rub out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; erase</TD><TD>&nbsp; Be sure to <B>rub out</B> all the pencil marks.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>rule out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; remove from consideration</TD><TD>&nbsp; None of the possibilities can be <B>ruled out</B> yet.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>scale down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; reduce</TD><TD>&nbsp; Because of lack of funds</B>, we had to <B>scale down</B> our plans.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>sell off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; dispose of by selling</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>sold off</B> all the books and furniture.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>set back</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; delay</TD><TD>&nbsp; This could <B>set back</B> the project by several years.</TD></TR>

<!--page 386-->
<TR><TD><B>shout down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; stop from speaking by shouting</TD><TD>&nbsp; The crowd <B>shouted down</B> the speaker.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>shrug off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; dismiss as unimportant</TD><TD>&nbsp; He attempted to <B>shrug off</B> the mistake.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>single out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; select from others</TD><TD>&nbsp; You have been <B>singled out</B> for special attention.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>size up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; assess</TD><TD>&nbsp; I quickly <B>sized up</B> the situation.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>sort out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; organize</TD><TD>&nbsp; It will take some time to <B>sort out</B> this mess.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>sound out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; talk with to learn the opinion of</TD><TD>&nbsp; We attempted to <B>sound</B> him <B>out</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>stammer out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; stammer</TD><TD>&nbsp; They <B>stammered out</B> their apologies.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>sum up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; summarize</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>summed up</B> the discussion in a few well-chosen words.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>summon up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; gather</TD><TD>&nbsp; I attempted to <B>summon up</B> my courage.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>take in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; absorb</TD><TD>&nbsp; We tried to <B>take in</B> the new information.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>take out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; invite to a restaurant</TD><TD>&nbsp; May I <B>take</B> you <B>out</B> for supper?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>take over</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; assume control</TD><TD>&nbsp; They will <B>take over</B> at the beginning of June.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>talk over</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; discuss</TD><TD>&nbsp; Let us <B>talk</B> it <B>over</B> before we decide.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>tear up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; destroy by tearing</TD><TD>&nbsp; She <B>tore up</B> the letter.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>think over</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; consider</TD><TD>&nbsp; I need some time to <B>think</B> it <B>over</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>think up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; invent</TD><TD>&nbsp; What will they <B>think up</B> next?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>track down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; search for and find</TD><TD>&nbsp; We finally <B>tracked</B> him <B>down</B> at the bookstore.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>trade in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; give as part payment</TD><TD>&nbsp; Why don't you <B>trade in</B> your old vacuum cleaner for a new one?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>try on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; test clothes by putting them on</TD><TD>&nbsp; I <B>tried on</B> the new suit, but it didn't fit me.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>try out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; test by using</TD><TD>&nbsp; Would you like to <B>try out</B> my fountain pen?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>turn away</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; refuse admission</TD><TD>&nbsp; The event was so popular that many people had to be <B>turned away</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>turn back</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; reverse direction</TD><TD>&nbsp; Every fall the clocks must be <B>turned back</B> by one hour.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>turn off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; deactivate by using a switch</TD><TD>&nbsp; I <B>turned off</B> the radio.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>turn on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; activate by using a switch</TD><TD>&nbsp; Please <B>turn on</B> the light.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>water down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; dilute</TD><TD>&nbsp; The soup has been <B>watered down</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>wear out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; gradually destroy by wearing or using</TD><TD>&nbsp; My jacket is <B>wearing out</B>, although it is only a year old.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>write down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; make a note</TD><TD>&nbsp; I <B>wrote down</B> the instructions.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>write off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; cancel, regard as</TD><TD>&nbsp; They were forced to <B>write off</B> several irretrievable debts.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>write up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; compose in writing</TD><TD>&nbsp; I used my notes to <B>write up</B> the report.</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex27.html#5">Exercise 5</A>.<BR>
<BR>

<!--page 387-->

<A NAME="2a"></A>
<B>a. The position of the object of the verb</B><BR>
In the case of transitive phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by
an adverb, if the object of the verb is a noun, the object can usually
either follow or precede the adverb. In the following examples, the objects are underlined.<BR>
e.g. I <B>called off</B> the <U>meeting</U>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I <B>called</B> the <U>meeting</U> <B>off</B>.<BR>
In the first example the object <B>meeting</B> follows the adverb <B>off</B>, while in
the second example the object <B>meeting</B> precedes the adverb <B>off</B>.<BR>
<BR>
However, in the case of a few phrasal verbs, a noun object must usually
<U>follow</U> the adverb.<BR>
e.g. We attempted to <B>smooth over</B> the <U>disagreement</U>.<BR>
In this example, the phrasal verb <B>to smooth over</B> is followed by the
noun object <B>disagreement</B>. In this case, the object <B>disagreement</B> cannot be placed
before the adverb <B>over</B>.<BR>
<BR>
The following are examples of transitive phrasal verbs where a noun
object must usually follow the adverb. Each phrasal verb is accompanied by its meaning and an example of its use. The objects of the verbs are underlined.<BR>
<BR>
<CENTER><B>Verbs followed by Adverbs followed by Noun Objects</B></CENTER><BR>
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><B>drum up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; raise</TD><TD>&nbsp; She has <B>drummed up</B> <U>support</U> for the plan.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>paper over</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; repair superficially</TD><TD>&nbsp; They attempted to <B>paper over</B> their <U>differences</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>smooth over</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; improve</TD><TD>&nbsp; We tried to <B>smooth over</B> the <U>situation</U>.</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
In the case of transitive phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by
an adverb, if the object of the verb is a pronoun, the object must usually
<U>precede</U> the adverb. In the following examples, the pronoun objects are underlined.<BR>
e.g. I <B>called</B> <U>it</U> <B>off</B>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; We attempted to <B>smooth</B> <U>it</U> <B>over</B>.<BR>
In these examples, the pronoun object <B>it</B> precedes the adverbs <B>off</B> and <B>over</B>.<BR>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex27.html#6">Exercise 6</A>.<BR>
<BR>
Most transitive phrasal verbs may be used in the Passive Voice.<BR>
e.g. The meeting was <B>called off</B> by me.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The disagreement was <B>smoothed over</B>.<BR>
In these examples, the phrasal verbs <B>to call off</B> and <B>to smooth over</B>
are used in the Passive Voice.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2b"></A>
<B>b. The position of an adverb of manner modifying the verb</B><BR>
In the case of a phrasal verb consisting of a verb followed by an
adverb, the verb and the adverb usually may <U>not</U> be separated by an
adverb of manner. In the following example, the adverb of manner is underlined.<BR>
e.g. I <U>hurriedly</U> <B>called off</B> the meeting.<BR>
In this example, the adverb of manner <B>hurriedly</B> precedes the phrasal
verb <B>called off</B>. The adverb <B>hurriedly</B> may also be placed at the
beginning or the end of the sentence, but may not be placed between the
verb <B>called</B> and the adverb <B>off</B>.<BR>
<BR>

<!--page 388-->
<A NAME="2c"></A>
<B>c. Stress in spoken English</B><BR>
When a phrasal verb consisting of a verb followed by an adverb occurs at
the end of a clause, it is usually the adverb which is stressed in spoken
English. In the following examples, the words which are stressed are
printed ion bold type.<BR>
e.g. How did that come <B>about</B>?<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Please drop <B>in</B> whenever you have time.<BR>
In the first example, the verb <B>come</B> followed by the adverb <B>about</B>
occurs at the end of a clause, and the adverb <B>about</B> is stressed.
In the second example, the verb <B>drop</B> followed by the adverb <B>in</B>
occurs at the end of a clause, and the adverb <B>in</B> is stressed.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="2d"></A>
<B>d. Ergative verbs</B><BR>
It should be noted that there are a few phrasal verbs consisting of a
verb followed by an adverb, which have the same meaning whether they are
used transitively or intransitively. For example:<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The engineer <B>slowed down</B> the <U>train</U>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The train <B>slowed down</B>.<BR>
<BR>
In the first example, the phrasal verb <B>to slow down</B> is used transitively,
with the object <B>train</B>. In the second example, the phrasal verb <B>to slow
down</B> is used intransitively, without naming the originator of the action.
In these two examples, it can be seen that the object of the transitive
verb is the subject of the intransitive verb. However, the general meaning of the two sentences is the same. Verbs which can be used
in this way may be referred to as <B>ergative verbs</B>.<BR>
<A NAME="2dex"></A>
<BR>
The following are examples of expressions which can function as ergative
phrasal verbs. Each ergative phrasal verb is followed by its meaning and examples of its use.<BR>
<BR>

<CENTER><B>Ergative Phrasal Verbs</B></CENTER><BR>
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><B>blare out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; make a loud sound</TD><TD>&nbsp; The loudspeakers <B>blared out</B> the music.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; The music <B>blared out</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>blow up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; destroy by an explosion</TD><TD>&nbsp; Troops <B>blew up</B> the bridge.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; The bridge <B>blew up</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>break up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; break into pieces</TD><TD>&nbsp; The icebreaker <B>broke up</B> the ice.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; The ice <B>broke up</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>burn down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; destroy by fire</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>burned down</B> the old barn.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; The old barn <B>burned down</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>calm down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; become calm</TD><TD>&nbsp; I <B>calmed down</B> the child.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; The child <B>calmed down</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>dry out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; become dry</TD><TD>&nbsp; The sun <B>dried out</B> the earth.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; The earth <B>dried out</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>get across</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; transmit</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>got</B> our point <B>across</B> to the audience.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; Our point <B>got across</B> to the audience.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>liven up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; become lively</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>livened up</B> the party.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; The party <B>livened up</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>pull through</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; recover from, survive</TD><TD>&nbsp; The doctor <B>pulled</B> her <B>through</B> the illness.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </B></TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; She <B>pulled through</B> the illness.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>roll up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; wrap into a cylinder</TD><TD>&nbsp; I <B>rolled up</B> the window blind.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; The window blind <B>rolled up</B>.</TD></TR>

<!--page 389-->
<TR><TD><B>shut down</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; close, stop working</TD><TD>&nbsp; They <B>shut down</B> the factory.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; The factory <B>shut down</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>wake up</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; stop sleeping</TD><TD>&nbsp; I <B>woke</B> her <B>up</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; She <B>woke up</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>wash out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; remove by washing</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>washed out</B> the dye.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; The dye <B>washed out</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>wear away</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; gradually remove</TD><TD>&nbsp; Water <B>wore away</B> the rock.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; The rock <B>wore away</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>wear out</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; gradually destroy by using</TD><TD>&nbsp; I <B>wore out</B> the sweater.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; The sweater <B>wore out</B>.</TD></TR>
</TABLE><P>
&nbsp;<BR>

<A NAME="3"></A>
<CENTER><B>3. Distinguishing between verbs followed by prepositions  and verbs followed by adverbs</B></CENTER><BR>

It has been seen that the position of pronoun objects, adverbs of manner and stress in spoken English
varies according to whether a verb is followed by a preposition or by
an adverb.<BR>
<BR>
These differences are summarized in the following table. The verbs <B>to sit</B> and <B>to turn</B> are used as examples. The verb <B>to sit</B> is followed by <B>on</B> used as a <U>preposition</U>, whereas the verb <B>to turn</B> is followed by <B>on</B> used as an <U>adverb</U>.<BR>
<BR>

<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Verb followed by Preposition</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Verb followed by Adverb</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; Pronoun object is placed</TD><TD>&nbsp; Pronoun object is placed</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; <U>after</U> the preposition:</TD><TD>&nbsp; <U>before</U> the adverb:</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; I sat on <B>it</B>.</TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; I turned <B>it</B> on.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; Adverb of manner <U>may</U> be placed</TD><TD>&nbsp; Adverb of manner may <U>not</U> be</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; between verb and preposition:</TD><TD>&nbsp; placed between verb and adverb:</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; I sat <B>quietly</B> on it.</TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; I <B>quietly</B> turned it on.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; <U>Verb</U> is stressed:</TD><TD>&nbsp; <U>Adverb</U> is stressed:</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; This is what I <B>sat</B> on.</TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; This is what I turned <B>on</B>.</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
<BR>

Because of the differences summarized above, it is important to be
able to distinguish between a verb followed by a preposition, and a
verb followed by an adverb.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="3a"></A>
<B>a. Adverb phrases of location compared with phrasal verbs followed by objects</B><BR>
In many cases, it is necessary to distinguish between an ordinary verb
followed by an adverb phrase of location, and a phrasal verb followed
by an object.<BR>
e.g. I turned <U>up the street</U>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I turned up the <U>volume</U>.<BR>
<BR>
In the first example, the verb <B>turned</B> is followed by the adverb phrase
of location <B>up the street</B>. In the second example, the phrasal verb
<B>turned up</B> is followed by the object <B>volume</B>. In this example, the
phrasal verb <B>turned up</B> has the meaning <B>increased</B>.<BR>
<BR>

<!--page 390-->
In the first example, <B>street</B> is the object of the preposition <B>up</B>.
If the object is changed to a pronoun, the pronoun must follow the
preposition:<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I turned up the <U>street</U>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I turned up <U>it</U>.<BR>
<BR>
In the second example, <B>volume</B> is the object of the phrasal verb
<B>turned up</B>. If the object is changed to a pronoun, the pronoun must
precede the adverb <B>up</B>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I turned up the <U>volume</U>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I turned <U>it</U> up.<BR>
<BR>
In the first example, if the verb is modified by an adverb of manner,
the adverb of manner may precede the adverb phrase of location:<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I turned up the street.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I turned <U>quickly</U> up the street.<BR>
<BR>
In the second example, if the verb is modified by an adverb of manner,
the adverb of manner may <U>not</U> be placed between the two parts of the
phrasal verb:<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I turned up the volume.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I <U>quickly</U> turned up the volume.<BR>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex27.html#7">Exercises 7</A> and <A HREF="gramex27.html#8">8</A>.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="3b"></A>
<B>b. Words used as prepositions or adverbs</B><BR>
It is also necessary to be able to distinguish between a phrasal verb
consisting of a verb followed by a preposition, and a phrasal verb
consisting of a transitive verb followed by an adverb. In many cases
it is possible to make the distinction by means of the preposition or
adverb following the verb.<BR>
<BR>
For example, the following words are used in phrasal verbs as <U>prepositions</U>,
but are not usually used in phrasal verbs as adverbs following transitive
verbs:<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE width="70%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD>&nbsp; after</TD><TD>&nbsp; against</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; at</TD><TD>&nbsp; before</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; by</TD><TD>&nbsp; for</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; from</TD><TD>&nbsp; into</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; of</TD><TD>&nbsp; to</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; toward</TD><TD>&nbsp; with</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; without</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
In contrast, the following words are used in phrasal verbs as <U>adverbs</U> following transitive verbs, but are not usually used in phrasal verbs
as prepositions:<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE width="70%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD>&nbsp; along</TD><TD>&nbsp; aside</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; away</TD><TD>&nbsp; back</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; behind</TD><TD>&nbsp; down</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; forward</TD><TD>&nbsp; out</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; together</TD><TD>&nbsp; up</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>

<!--page 391-->
It should be noted that of these words, <B>aside</B>, <B>away</B>, <B>back</B>,
<B>forward</B>, <B>out</B> and <B>together</B> are usually <U>never</U> used as prepositions.
In contrast, the words <B>along</B>, <B>behind</B>, <B>down</B> and <B>up</B> are often used as
prepositions, but are not usually used as prepositions in phrasal verbs.<BR>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex27.html#9">Exercises 9</A> and <A HREF="gramex27.html#10">10</A>.<BR>
<A NAME="3bpa"></A>
<BR>
The following words present more difficulty, since they can be used in
phrasal verbs both as prepositions and as adverbs following transitive
verbs:<BR>
<BR>
<TABLE width="70%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD>&nbsp; across</TD><TD>&nbsp; around <B>or</B> round</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; in</TD><TD>&nbsp; off</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; on <B>or</B> upon</TD><TD>&nbsp; over</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; through</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
</TABLE>
<BR>
Thus, it is advisable to study which phrasal verbs use these words
as prepositions, and which phrasal verbs use these words as adverbs.
The following table gives examples of phrasal verbs containing each of
these words.
The left-hand column gives phrasal verbs consisting of verbs followed by
prepositions, while the right-hand column gives phrasal verbs consisting
of transitive verbs followed by adverbs.<BR>
<BR>
<CENTER><B>Words used as Prepositions or Adverbs</B></CENTER><BR>
<TABLE  border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><U><B>Verb + Preposition</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Transitive Verb + Adverb</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; come <B>across</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; get <B>across</B> (an idea)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; cut <B>across</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; put <B>across</B> (an idea)</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; run <B>across</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; stumble <B>across</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><U><B>Verb + Preposition</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Transitive Verb + Adverb</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; hang <B>around</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; bring <B>round</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; lounge <B>around</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; mill <B>around</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; pass <B>around</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; rally <B>round</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; show <B>around</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><U><B>Verb + Preposition</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Transitive Verb + Adverb</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; confide <B>in</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; break <B>in</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; deal <B>in</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; breathe <B>in</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; join <B>in</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; call <B>in</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; fill <B>in</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; hand <B>in</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; phase <B>in</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; rope <B>in</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; take <B>in</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; trade <B>in</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<!--page 392-->
<TR><TD><U><B>Verb + Preposition</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Transitive Verb + Adverb</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; glance <B>off</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; call <B>off</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; keep <B>off</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; fend <B>off</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; warn <B>off</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; give <B>off</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; lay <B>off</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; pair <B>off</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; pension <B>off</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; polish <B>off</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; pull <B>off</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; put <B>off</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; reel <B>off</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; sell <B>off</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; shrug <B>off</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; turn <B>off</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; write <B>off</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><U><B>Verb + Preposition</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Transitive Verb + Adverb</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; bank <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; cheer <B>on</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; border <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; hand <B>on</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; build <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; try <B>on</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; call <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; turn <B>on</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; come <B>upon</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; count <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; dawn <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; decide <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; dwell <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; enlarge <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; expand <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; frown <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; grow <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; hinge <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; live <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; pick <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; prey <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; reckon <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; survive <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; thrust upon</TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; touch <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; verge <B>on</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<TR><TD><U><B>Verb + Preposition</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Transitive Verb + Adverb</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; get <B>over</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; take <B>over</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; go <B>over</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; talk <B>over</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; run <B>over</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; think <B>over</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; watch <B>over</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; paper <B>over</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; smooth <B>over</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>

<!--page 393-->
<TR><TD><U><B>Verb + Preposition</B></U></TD><TD><U><B>Transitive Verb + Adverb</B></U></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; break <B>through</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; pull <B>through</B></TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; get <B>through</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; go <B>through</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; leaf <B>through</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; look <B>through</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; sail <B>through</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; scrape <B>through</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; see <B>through</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; sit <B>through</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; wade <B>through</B></TD><TD>&nbsp; </TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex27.html#11">Exercise 11</A>.<P>
&nbsp;<BR>

<A NAME="4"></A>
<CENTER><B>4. Phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by a word which may function either as an adverb or as a preposition</B></CENTER><BR>

Some phrasal verbs consist of an intransitive verb followed by a word
which may function either as an adverb or as a preposition. For example:<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; We <B>passed by</B>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; We <B>passed by</B> the <U>library</U>.<BR>
In the first example, the word <B>by</B> of the phrasal verb <B>passed by</B>
functions as an adverb. In the second example, the word <B>by</B> of the
phrasal verb <B>passed by</B> functions as a preposition which has the
object <B>library</B>.<BR>
<A NAME="4ex"></A>
<BR>
The following are examples of phrasal verbs which contain words which
may function either as adverbs or as prepositions. Each phrasal verb is followed by its meaning and examples of its use. The objects of the prepositions are underlined.<BR>
<BR>
<CENTER><B>Intransitive Verbs followed by words which may function either as Adverbs or Prepositions</B></CENTER><BR>
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><B>&nbsp; break through</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; appear</TD><TD>&nbsp; The sun <B>broke through</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; The sun <B>broke through</B> the <U>clouds</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>&nbsp; do without</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; survive without</TD><TD>&nbsp; We had to <B>do without</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; We had to <B>do without</B> <U>electricity</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>&nbsp; glance off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; hit and bounce off</TD><TD>&nbsp; The ball <B>glanced off</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; The ball <B>glanced off</B> the <U>wall</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>&nbsp; go without</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; not have</TD><TD>&nbsp; They <B>went without</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; They <B>went without</B> <U>food</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>&nbsp; hang around</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; stay near</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>hung around</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; We <B>hung around</B> the movie <U>theater</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>&nbsp; join in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; become involved in</TD><TD>&nbsp; I <B>joined in</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; I <B>joined in</B> the <U>game</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>&nbsp; lounge around</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; relax in</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>lounged around</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; We <B>lounged around</B> the living <U>room</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>&nbsp; mill around</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; (of a crowd) move randomly</TD><TD>&nbsp; The students <B>milled around</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; The students <B>milled around</B> the <U>lobby</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>&nbsp; pass by</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; pass</TD><TD>&nbsp; I <B>passed by</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; I <B>passed by</B> the <U>house</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>&nbsp; rally round</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; gather to give support</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>rallied round</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; We <B>rallied round</B> our class <U>president</U>.</TD></TR>

<!--page 394-->
<TR><TD><B>&nbsp; sail through</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; succeed easily</TD><TD>&nbsp; She <B>sailed through</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; She <B>sailed through</B> the <U>exam</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>&nbsp; scrape through</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; barely succeed</TD><TD>&nbsp; They <B>scraped through</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; They <B>scraped through</B> the <U>course</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>&nbsp; turn off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; leave a road</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>turned off</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; We <B>turned off</B> the main <U>highway</U>.</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>

<A NAME="4a"></A>
<B>a. Expressions in which the verb has an object</B><BR>
There are a few phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by a word
which may function either as an adverb or as a preposition, where the
verb may have an object. In the following examples the objects are underlined.<BR>
e.g. We <B>passed</B> the <U>candies</U> <B>around</B>.<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; We <B>passed</B> the <U>candies</U> <B>around</B> the <U>class</U>.<BR>
In each of these examples, the verb <B>passed</B> of the phrasal verb
<B>to pass around</B> has the object <B>candies</B>. In the first example, the
word <B>around</B> functions as an adverb, while in the second example,
the word <B>around</B> functions as a preposition with the object <B>class</B>.<BR>
<A NAME="4aex"></A>
<BR>
The following are examples of phrasal verbs consisting of a verb
followed by a word which may function either as an adverb or as a
preposition, where the verb may have an object. Each phrasal verb is followed by its meaning and examples of its use. The objects of the verbs and prepositions are underlined. The last example illustrates the use of the Passive Voice.<BR>
<BR>
<CENTER><B>Verbs followed by objects followed by words which may function either as Adverbs or Prepositions</B></CENTER><BR>
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><B>cross off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; put a line through</TD><TD>&nbsp; I <B>crossed</B> his <U>name</U> <B>off</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; I <B>crossed</B> his <U>name</U> <B>off</B> the <U>list</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>pass around</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; distribute</TD><TD>&nbsp; I <B>passed</B> the <U>papers</U> <B>around</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; I <B>passed</B> the <U>papers</U> <B>around</B> the <U>class</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>show around</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; conduct on a tour</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>showed</B> the <U>visitors</U> <B>around</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; We <B>showed</B> the <U>visitors</U> <B>around</B> the <U>city</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>tide over</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; provide for temporarily</TD><TD>&nbsp; This money will <B>tide</B> <U>me</U> <B>over</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; This money will <B>tide</B> <U>me</U> <B>over</B> the <U>weekend</U>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>warn off</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; warn to leave</TD><TD>&nbsp; We were <B>warned off</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>&nbsp; </TD><TD>&nbsp; &nbsp; We were <B>warned off</B> the <U>premises</U>.<P>
&nbsp;</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>

<A NAME="5"></A>
<CENTER><B>5. Phrasal verbs consisting of a verb followed by an adverb followed by a preposition</B></CENTER><BR>

There are several commonly used phrasal verbs which consist of a verb,
followed by an adverb, followed by a preposition. For example:<BR>
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I <B>went along with</B> the <U>idea</U>.<BR>
In this example, the phrasal verb <B>went along with</B> consists of the
verb <B>to go</B>, followed by the adverb <B>along</B>, followed by the preposition
<B>with</B> which has the object <B>idea</B>.<BR>
<A NAME="5ex"></A>
<BR>
The following table gives examples of phrasal verbs which consist
of a verb, followed by an adverb, followed by a preposition. Each phrasal verb is followed by its meaning and an example of its use.<BR>


<!--page 395-->
<CENTER><B>Verbs followed by Adverbs followed by Prepositions</B></CENTER><BR>
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><B>add up to</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; amount to</TD><TD>&nbsp; It is hard to see what that <B>adds up to</B>.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>back down from</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; withdraw, avoid</TD><TD>&nbsp; She never <B>backs down from</B> a challenge.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>back out of</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; not fulfill</TD><TD>&nbsp; I wish I could <B>back out of</B> the agreement.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>boil down to</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; can be reduced to</TD><TD>&nbsp; All his arguments <B>boil down to</B> a belief in the supernatural.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>bow out of</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; withdraw</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>bowed out of</B> the race.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>brush up on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; refresh knowledge of</TD><TD>&nbsp; I must <B>brush up on</B> my English.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>carry on with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; continue with</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>carried on with</B> our conversation.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>catch up to</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; overtake</TD><TD>&nbsp; The boy ran quickly to <B>catch up with</B> his friends.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>clean up after</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; tidy for</TD><TD>&nbsp; She spent half her time <B>cleaning up after</B> the children.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>come down to</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; can be reduced to</TD><TD>&nbsp; Your choices <B>come down to</B> these.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>come down with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; become ill with</TD><TD>&nbsp; She <B>came down with</B> a cold.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>come out in</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; develop</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>came out in</B> a rash.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>come up against</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; meet an obstacle</TD><TD>&nbsp; They <B>came up against</B> many difficulties.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>come up with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; produce</TD><TD>&nbsp; She <B>came up with</B> a solution to the problem.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>creep up on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; approach undetected</TD><TD>&nbsp; Old age tends to <B>creep up on</B> one.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>cry out for</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; urgently require</TD><TD>&nbsp; The education system is <B>crying out for</B> improvement.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>cut back on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; reduce</TD><TD>&nbsp; The government has <B>cut back on</B> spending.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>do away with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; abolish</TD><TD>&nbsp; We want to <B>do away with</B> delays.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>face up to</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; accept and deal with</TD><TD>&nbsp; It is best to <B>face up to</B> one's problems.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>fall back on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; turn to for help</TD><TD>&nbsp; Because of unexpected expenses, we had to <B>fall back on</B> our savings.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>fit in with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; be suited to</TD><TD>&nbsp; You don't <B>fit in with</B> this group.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>fool around with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; not be serious, have as a hobby</TD><TD>&nbsp; He likes to <B>fool around with</B> computers.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>get away with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; not be punished</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>got away with</B> being late for school.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>get down to</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; begin dealing seriously with</TD><TD>&nbsp; It is time to <B>get down to</B> business.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>get in on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; manage to participate in</TD><TD>&nbsp; I want to <B>get in on</B> the planning for the new school.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>give up on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; stop trying</TD><TD>&nbsp; I've <B>given up on</B> the situation.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>go along with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; agree, not resist</TD><TD>&nbsp; I'm willing to <B>go along with</B> your idea.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>go back on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; break a promise</TD><TD>&nbsp; He never <B>goes back on</B> his word.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>go through with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; fulfill, carry out</TD><TD>&nbsp; Are you going to <B>go through with</B> your plan to conduct a survey?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>grow out of</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; become too big for</TD><TD>&nbsp; My son has <B>grown out of</B> most of his clothes.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>hold out for</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; not compromise</TD><TD>&nbsp; We want to <B>hold out for</B> better conditions.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>keep up with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; be on the same level as</TD><TD>&nbsp; She has a hard time <B>keeping up with</B> her brother.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>lead up to</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; be a preparation for</TD><TD>&nbsp; The first thirty chapters of the book <B>lead up to</B> the dramatic conclusion.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>live up to</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; maintain a standard</TD><TD>&nbsp; She has <B>lived up to</B> her reputation as a great singer.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>log on to</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; contact a computer</TD><TD>&nbsp; She <B>logged on to</B> the new system.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>look down on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; regard as inferior</TD><TD>&nbsp; He <B>looks down on</B> his classmates.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>look forward to</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; anticipate</TD><TD>&nbsp; I'm <B>looking forward to</B> the holidays.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>look out for</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; watch for</TD><TD>&nbsp; <B>Look out for</B> fallen branches.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>look up to</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; admire</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>looked up to</B> her.</TD></TR>


<!--page 396-->
<TR><TD><B>make up for</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; compensate for</TD><TD>&nbsp; She tried to <B>make up for</B> her past mistakes.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>pull out of</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; leave (of vehicles)</TD><TD>&nbsp; The train <B>pulled out of</B> the station.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>push on with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; go ahead, continue</TD><TD>&nbsp; I must <B>push on with</B> my work.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>put up with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; endure, tolerate</TD><TD>&nbsp; Bus passengers must often <B>put up with</B> crowded conditions.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>read up on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; read about</TD><TD>&nbsp; Whenever I travel, I like to <B>read up on</B> the place I am going to visit.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>rub off on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; acquire from someone</TD><TD>&nbsp; Some of his enthusiasm has <B>rubbed off on</B> me.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>run up against</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; meet</TD><TD>&nbsp; One <B>runs up against</B> many different kinds of people.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>send away for</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; order by mail</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>sent away for</B> warm winter boots.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>stick up for</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; defend, support</TD><TD>&nbsp; Will you <B>stick up for</B> me?</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>stock up on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; lay in supplies</TD><TD>&nbsp; We should <B>stock up on</B> bananas.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>talk down to</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; speak patronizingly</TD><TD>&nbsp; He always <B>talks down to</B> people younger than he is.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>walk away with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; win easily</TD><TD>&nbsp; They <B>walked away with</B> all the prizes.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>watch out for</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; beware of</TD><TD>&nbsp; <B>Watch out for</B> snakes.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>wriggle out of</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; avoid</TD><TD>&nbsp; She always tries to <B>wriggle out of</B> her responsibilities.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>zero in on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; focus on</TD><TD>&nbsp; Let us <B>zero in on</B> the heart of the problem.</TD></TR>
</TABLE><BR>
<BR>
See <A HREF="gramex27.html#12">Exercise 12</A>.<BR>
<BR>

<A NAME="5a"></A>
<B>a. Expressions in which the verb has an object</B><BR>
There are a few phrasal verbs consisting of a verb, followed by an adverb,
followed by a preposition, where the verb may have an object. In the following example, the objects are underlined.<BR>
e.g. We <B>played</B> <U>them</U> <B>off against</B> <U>each other</U>.<BR>
In this example, the verb <B>played</B> of the phrasal verb <B>to play off against</B>
has the object <B>them</B>, while the preposition <B>against</B> has the object <B>each other</B>.<BR>
<A NAME="5aex"></A>
<BR>
The following are examples of phrasal verbs consisting of a verb,
followed by an adverb, followed by a preposition, where the verb may
have an object. Each phrasal verb is followed by its meaning and an example of its use. The objects of the phrasal verbs are underlined.<BR>
<BR>
<CENTER><B>Verbs followed by Objects followed by Adverbs followed by Prepositions</B></CENTER><BR>
<TABLE width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<TR><TD><B>get over with</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; undergo, finish</TD><TD>&nbsp; If I must visit the dentist, I prefer to <B>get</B> <U>it</U> <B>over with</B> as soon as possible.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>let in on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; allow to share</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>let</B> <U>them</U> <B>in on</B> the secret.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>play off against</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; encourage to fight</TD><TD>&nbsp; In the last century, the British weakened their enemies by <B>playing</B> <U>them</U> <B>off against</B> one another.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>put down to</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; attribute to</TD><TD>&nbsp; We <B>put</B> his bad <U>temper</U> <B>down to</B> fatigue.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>put up to</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; urge to do wrong</TD><TD>&nbsp; She <B>put</B> <U>me</U> <B>up to</B> playing a trick on the teacher.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>take out on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; vent bad feelings on</TD><TD>&nbsp; She <B>took</B> her <U>dissatisfaction</U> with her job <B>out on</B> her neighbors.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>take up on</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; accept an offer</TD><TD>&nbsp; I would like to <B>take</B> <U>you</U> <B>up on</B> your offer.</TD></TR>
<TR><TD><B>talk out of</B><B>:</B>&nbsp; dissuade from</TD><TD>&nbsp; We tried to <B>talk</B> <U>him</U> <B>out of</B> retiring.</TD></TR>
</TABLE>

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